坎帕拉,乌干达的空气污染非常严重
如果在不久的将来什么都不做,非洲之珠将在短短几十年内变得无法居住
Uganda, Eastern Africa
Story by Anna Adima. Translated by Javier Vidal Cano
Published on January 16, 2023.
This story is also available in
我目前在坎帕拉完成我的博士研究,和许多其他住在这里的人一样,我每天吸入大量来自汽车尾气、灰尘和工厂的空气污染。
坎帕拉是乌干达的首都,并且是世界上发展最快的城市之一,年均增长率为 4.03%,人口大概 160 万。由于近年来经历的经济增长和城市化爆炸,城市的车辆数量增加(约 50,000 辆)。这些车辆包括汽车、公共汽车、卡车和摩托车。然而,这些车辆都是旧车型,不符合现代环保法规标准,再加上该市工厂产生的危险工业废物,加剧了该市的空气污染危机。其他重要的污染源是家庭,许多人仍然使用木炭和木材做饭。
坎帕拉是非洲第二污染最严重的城市(污染最严重的城市在尼日利亚)。其 PM 2.5(粒径为 2.5 微米的颗粒污染物,是所有空气污染物中对健康影响最大的)污染在 2018 年平均为 40.8 µg/m³,远高于世界卫生组织推荐的 10 µg/m³。这种空气污染对任何人都是显而易见的。每当我徒步到城市七山之一的山顶时,我都能看到笼罩着城市的浓雾。你经常发现自己陷入交通堵车,这意味着长时间暴露在周围车辆的致命废气中。因此,近来与呼吸和肺部相关的健康问题正在上升,到 2017 年乌干达因空气污染导致的死亡人数上升至 13,000 人,这可能并不奇怪。
由于这些原因,地方新闻台一直在努力提高人们对这个问题的认识。由于大众需求不断增长,政府也一直在积极努力遏制空气污染。2018 年,政府通过了一项禁止进口 15 年以上车型的法律,并且,5 年以上汽车的车主必须付出环境税。
但问题仍然存在,这些措施是否足够?虽然人们可以尝试乘坐更多的公共交通工具,但这会带来一些风险。首先,乘坐公共交通工具被上流社会看不起,而且公共交通工具非常缓慢且不可靠。然而,最严重的是乘坐交通工具是不安全的,尤其是对女性而言。乘坐公共交通工具使他们更容易受到攻击和性骚扰。我很遗憾地说,我认识的很多女性都经历过这种情况。政府需要采取两管齐下的方法:首先,政府必须让公共交通对女性和其他边缘化人群改善包容性和安全性,他们还必须尝试改变公共交通只为穷人服务的心态。
但必须说,这些只是解决一个非常大的问题的非常小的步骤。但是如果在不久的将来什么都不做,非洲之珠将在短短几十年内变得无法居住。
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